The Pentagon has also spent more than $10 million on operations across the Middle East since October 7, 2023, according to the document

7 Oct, 2025 READ

The paper by the Costs of War project at Brown University’s Watson School of International and Public Affairs was released on Tuesday, the second anniversary of the October 7, 2023 incursion into Israel by Palestinian armed group Hamas, in which 1,200 people were killed and 250 others taken hostage.

Israeli airstrikes and a ground offensive in Gaza, launched in response to the attack, have left more than 67,000 people dead and almost 170,000 injured, according to the Palestinian health authorities. Last month, a UN commission described West Jerusalem’s actions as “genocide.”