Tunisia, Mauritania and Algeria have been members of NATO’s Mediterranean Dialogue military partnership since 1994. No sooner did the Soviet Union dissolve in 1991 than the U.S. moved to expand NATO globally, including forging individual partnerships with the fifteen new nations emerging from the former USSR, three of whom (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania) were brought into NATO in 2004.
Chad and Niger have hosted multinational military forces from several NATO nations in recent years; Senegal, Ghana and Nigeria are increasingly participating in Africa Command/NATO exercises, including Senegal in the 2021 (last held) U.S./NATO Sea Breeze war games in Ukraine and the Black Sea. Libya was bombed by NATO for over six months in 2011 and immediately afterward was touted as a prospective member of the Mediterranean Dialogue. It’s now effectively under military occupation by NATO powerhouse Turkey.
U.S. Africa Command and NATO, essentially coterminous, have effected the military integration of…